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Murtaza Bhutto
Mir Ghulam Murtaza Bhutto (18 September 1954 – 20 September 1996), was a Pakistani politician and leader of al-Zulfiqar, a terrorist organisation〔(Sethi, Najam: The Dilemma of Murtaza Bhutto, The Friday Times, (1993) )〕〔(Anwar, Raja: The Terrorist Prince )〕 operating in Pakistan. The son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Murtaza founded al-Zulfiqar after his father was overthrown and executed in 1979 by the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq. In 1981, he claimed responsibility for the murder of conservative politician Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi, and the hijacking of a Pakistan International Airlines aircraft from Karachi, during which a hostage was killed.〔(History of PIA: Hijackings )〕〔(al-Zufikar, the Unsaid History, DAWN 2010 )〕 In exile in Afghanistan, Murtaza was sentenced to death in absentia by a military tribunal.
He returned to Pakistan in 1993 and was arrested for terrorism on the orders of his sister, then-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Released on bail, Murtaza successfully contested elections to the Sindh Provincial Assembly, becoming a vocal critic of Benazir and her husband Asif Ali Zardari. After increasing tensions between the two, he was shot dead along with six associates in a police encounter near his home in Karachi on 20 September 1996.〔(Mir Murtaza was shot dead by the police in 1996 on his way home in Karachi. )〕〔(BBC – Bhuttos: Cursed dynasty )〕 Benazir's government was dismissed a month later by President Farooq Leghari primarily citing Murtaza's death and corruption.〔Burns, John F (5 November 1996). "Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest". The New York Times〕 Zardari was arrested and indicted for Murtaza's murder,〔"Pakistan ex-premier's spouse indicted for murder". The New York Times. 6 July 1997.〕 but acquitted in 2008.〔(Zardari acquitted, DAWN 2008 )〕〔(In 2008, Asif Zardari was acquitted of the charges of ordering the murder. )〕 Murtaza's own faction of his father's Pakistan People's Party, Shaheed Bhutto, remains active in politics.
==Biography==
Born in Karachi on 18 September 1954, Bhutto received his early education at [St' Marys's Academy(Rawalpindi)| of Rawalpindi. He later passed his 'O' levels from the Karachi Grammar School in 1971.〔 In 1972, Murtaza went off to Harvard University where he took his bachelor's degree.〔 For a period of time, he was the roommate of Texas gubernatorial candidate and former mayor of Houston, Bill White. In 1976, Bhutto graduated with his thesis entitled "''Modicum of Harmony''".〔 His thesis dealt with the spread of nuclear weapons in general, and the implications of India's nuclear weapons on Pakistan in particular.〔 Murtaza went on to Christ Church College Oxford, his father's alma mater, for a three-year course to read for an MLit degree.〔 Bhutto submitted his master thesis, containing a vast argumentative work on Nuclear strategic studies, where he advocated for Pakistan's approach to developed its nuclear deterrence programme to counter Indian nuclear programme.〔 While in Europe studying for his PhD studies, Benazir Bhutto had notified Murtaza Bhutto about the ''coup d'état'' led by General Zia-ul-Haq. Murtaza, along with his siblings, returned to Pakistan immediately. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto advised his children to leave the country in a shortest time possible. Murtaza was on the verge of rushing home when he received a message from his father asking him to remain abroad where he could mobilise an international campaign for his release.
Murtaza had been in Pakistan when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government was overthrown on 5 July 1977. Along with other family members, Murtaza had returned to Al-Murtaza, Larkana, and at the time was busy helping in the preparations for the elections schedule for October 1977. But on 16 September 1977 when Ali Bhutto was arrested at Al-Murtaza, he ordered his son to leave the country. After Ali Bhutto was sentenced, Murtaza joined hands with his brother, Shahnawaz Bhutto, to initiate a campaign to muster international support to revoke the death penalty looming over his father's head. Leaders from Syria, Libya, and the PLO were particularly supportive. Mercy appeals were sent by several heads of state to General Zia-ul-Haq; however, all these appeals failed to sway his decision. Murtaza and Shahnawaz both cut short their respective educations and decided to devote themselves to avenge their father's death. Eventually they resorted to taking up arms, their main target being Zia-ul-Haq. This marked the beginning of a new and more controversial era in Murtaza's life.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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